大亭碎碎念：供给与需求..mp32:37来自LearningYard学苑

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Share interest，spread happiness ，increase knowledge and leave beautiful.Dear you，this is the Learing Yard Academy!Today, Dating will brings you Supply and demand，Welcome your visit!

01 个人需求的决定因素

需求量是买者愿意而且能够购买的物品量。

价格：需求量随着价格上升而减少，需求量与价格负相关。

收入：收入较低意味着人的总支出减少。当收入减少时，人们对正常物品的需求减少。

相关物品的价格：假定冷冻酸奶的价格下降。需求规律表明你将多买冷冻酸奶。同时，你也许将少买冰激凌。因为冰激凌和冷冻酸奶都是冷而甜的奶油甜食，它们满足相似的欲望。当价格下降会减少其替代品的需求；反之，如果价格上升，其替代品的购买量会上升。

嗜好：决定你需求的最明显因素是你的嗜好。如果你喜欢冰激凌，你会买得多一些。

预期：你对未来的预期也会影响你现在对物品与劳务的需求。例如，如果你预期下个月会赚到更多收入，你可能愿意用你现在的一些储蓄来买冰激凌。

需求曲线表明一种物品的需求量如何随着它的价格变动而变动。由于价格下降，需求量增加，所以需求曲线向右下方倾斜。根据习惯，价格在纵轴，而需求量在横轴。把价格与需求量联系在一起的向右下方倾斜的曲线被称为需求曲线。

除了价格之外，任何一种决定需求的因素变动时，需求曲线都会移动。

Demand is the amount of goods that buyers are willing and able to buy.The price demand decreases with the increase of the price, and the demand is negatively related to the price.Lower income means less total expenditure. When income decreases, peoples demand for normal goods decreases.The price of related items assumes that the price of frozen yoghurt will decrease. The law of demand indicates that you will buy more frozen yogurt. At the same time, you may buy less ice cream. Because ice cream and frozen yogurt are both cold and sweet cream desserts, they satisfy similar desires. When the price drops, the demand for substitutes will decrease; On the contrary, if the price rises, the purchase of substitutes will increase.The most obvious factor that determines your needs is your hobby. If you like ice cream, you will buy more.It is expected that your expectations for the future will also affect your current demand for goods and services. For example, if you expect to earn more income next month, you may be willing to use some of your current savings to buy ice cream.The demand curve shows how the demand for an item changes with its price. As prices fall and demand increases, the demand curve slopes downward to the right. According to custom, the price is on the vertical axis and the demand is on the horizontal axis. The downward sloping curve connecting price and demand is called demand curve.Except for price, when any factor determining demand changes, the demand curve will move.

02 个人供给的决定因素

价格：价格是供给量的一个决定因素。当冰激凌价格高时，出售冰激凌是有利可图的，因此，供给量也大。由于供给量随着价格上升而增加，随着价格下降而减少，所以我们说，某种物品的供给量与价格是正相关的。价格与供给量之间的这种关系被称为供给规律:在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品供给量就增加。

投入：一种物品的供给量与生产这种物品所用的投入的价格负相关。

技术：机械化的发明减少了生产必需的劳动量。技术进步通过减少企业的成本增加了冰激凌供给量。

预期：如果你预期未来冰激凌的价格会上升，你就将把你现在生产的一些冰激凌贮存起来，并减少了今天的市场供给。

把价格与供给量联系在一起的曲线称为供给曲线，他表示物品价格与供给量之间的关系。供给曲线向右上方倾斜，是因为在其他条件相同的情况下，价格越高意味着供给量越多。供给曲线正如市场需求是所有买者需求的总和一样，市场供给也是所有卖者供给的总和。

供给曲线的移动

任何在每一价格水平时增加供给量的变动都使供给曲线向右移动。除了价格以外，任何一种决定供给的因素变动都会使供给曲线移动。当这些其他决定因素中的一种变动时，供给曲线都会移动。

Price: price is a determinant of supply. When the price of ice cream is high, it is profitable to sell ice cream, so the supply is also large. Since the supply increases with the increase of price and decreases with the decrease of price, we say that the supply of certain goods is positively related to the price. This relationship between price and supply is called the law of supply: when other conditions are the same, the price of a good rises, and the supply of that good increases.

Input: The supply of a good is negatively correlated with the price of the input used to produce the good.Technology: The invention of mechanization reduced the amount of labor necessary for production. Technological progress has increased the supply of ice cream by reducing the cost of enterprises.Expectation: If you expect the price of ice cream to rise in the future, you will store some of the ice cream you produce now and reduce the market supply today.The curve connecting price and supply is called the supply curve, which represents the relationship between the price of goods and supply. The supply curve inclines to the upper right because, under the same other conditions, higher prices mean more supply. Just as market demand is the sum of all buyers demand, market supply is also the sum of all sellers supply.Movement of the supply curve.Any change that increases supply at each price level moves the supply curve to the right. Except for price, any change in the factors that determine supply will move the supply curve. When one of these other determinants changes, the supply curve moves.

03 均衡

要注意的是，供给和需求曲线相交于一点;这一点被称为市场的均衡。这两条曲线相交时的价格被称为均衡价格，而相交时的数量被称为均衡数量。字典给均衡这个词下的定义是各种力量处于平衡的状态。

首先假设市场价格高于均衡价格,物品的供给量(10个冰激凌蛋卷）超过了需求量(4个冰激凌蛋卷）。存在物品的过剩:在现行价格时卖者不能卖出他们想卖的所有物品。这种情况被称为超额供给。市场上存在超额供给时，卖者对超额供给的反应是降低其价格。价格要一直下降到市场达到均衡时为止。

因此，许多买者与卖者的活动自发地把市场价格推向均衡价格。一旦市场达到其均衡价格，所有买者和卖者都得到满足，也就不存在价格上升或下降的压力。在不同市场上达到均衡的快慢是不同的，这取决于价格调整的快慢。但是，在大多数自由市场上，由于价格最终要变动到其均衡水平，所以，过剩与短缺都只是暂时的。实际上，这种现象如此普遍存在，以至于有时被称为供求规律:任何一种物品价格的调整都会使该物品的供给与需求达到平衡。

It should be noted that the supply and demand curves intersect at a point; This is called market equilibrium. The price at the intersection of these two curves is called the equilibrium price, and the quantity at the intersection is called the equilibrium quantity. The dictionary defines the word balance as a state in which various forces are in balance.First, suppose that the market price is higher than the equilibrium price, and the supply of goods (10 ice cream cones) exceeds the demand (4 ice cream cones). There is a surplus of goods: sellers cannot sell all the goods they want to sell at the current price. This situation is called excess supply. When there is excess supply in the market, the sellers response to the excess supply is to reduce its price. The price should drop until the market reaches equilibrium.Therefore, the activities of many buyers and sellers spontaneously push the market price to the equilibrium price. Once the market reaches its equilibrium price, all buyers and sellers are satisfied, and there is no pressure for prices to rise or fall. The speed of reaching equilibrium in different markets is different, which depends on the speed of price adjustment. However, in most free markets, because the price will eventually change to its equilibrium level, the surplus and shortage are only temporary. In fact, this phenomenon is so common that it is sometimes called the law of supply and demand: the adjustment of the price of any kind of goods will balance the supply and demand of the goods.

分析均衡变动的三个步骤

到现在为止，我们说明了供给与需求如何共同决定市场均衡，市场均衡又决定了物品价格;以及买者所购买和卖者所生产的该物品数量。当然，均衡价格和数量取决于供给和需求曲线的位置。当某些事件使这些曲线中的一种移动时，市场上的均衡就改变了。关于这种变动的分析被称为比较静态，因为它涉及到原均衡与新均衡的比较。

当分析某个事件如何影响一个市场时，我们按三个步骤进行。第一，我们确定该事件是使供给曲线移动，需求曲线移动，还是在一些情况下，使两种曲线都移动。第二，我们确定曲线是向右移动，还是向左移动。第三，我们用供求图来考察这种移动如何影响均衡价格和数量。

So far, we have explained how supply and demand together determine the market equilibrium, which in turn determines the price of goods; And the quantity of the article purchased by the buyer and produced by the seller. Of course, equilibrium prices and quantities depend on the position of the supply and demand curves. When some event moves one of these curves, the equilibrium in the market changes. The analysis of such changes is called comparative statics because it involves the comparison between the original equilibrium and the new equilibrium.When analyzing how an event affects a market, we follow three steps. First, we determine whether the event moves the supply curve, the demand curve, or, in some cases, both curves. Second, we determine whether the curve moves to the right or left. Third, we use the supply and demand graph to examine how this movement affects the equilibrium price and quantity.

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参考资料：曼昆《经济学基础》

翻译来源：百度翻译

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